Silika ishyushyeni ingenzi mu byuzuza imbaraga mu nganda za rubber. Imiterere yayo itandukanye igira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye ku kudashwanyagurika kwa rubber binyuze mu kugira ingaruka ku mikoranire y’urubber na matrix ya rubber, gutatana, n’imiterere ya mekanike ya rubber. Hasi, duhereye ku miterere y’ingenzi, turasesengura birambuye uburyo igira ingaruka ku kudashwanyagurika kwa rubber:
1.Ubuso bwihariye (BET)
Ubuso bwihariye ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bya silica, bigaragaza neza aho ihurira n'umugozi n'ubushobozi bwo kongera imbaraga, bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku buryo idatwarwa n'ibintu.
(1) Ingaruka nziza: Mu rugero runaka, kongera ubuso bwihariye (urugero, kuva kuri 100 m²/g kugeza kuri 200 m²/g) byongera agace k'ubuso hagati ya silica na matrix ya rubber. Ibi bishobora kongera imbaraga zo guhuza urusobe binyuze mu "ingaruka zo gufatanya", bikongera imbaraga zo kurwanya ihinduka ry'urubber no gushimangira. Kuri iyi ngingo, gukomera kwa rubber, imbaraga zo gukurura, n'imbaraga zo gucika kwazo biriyongera. Mu gihe cyo kwangirika, ntabwo ikunze gutandukana n'ibikoresho bitewe n'umuvuduko mwinshi w'aho hantu, bigatuma habaho kunoza gukomeye mu kurwanya ihinduka ry'urubber.
(2) Ingaruka mbi: Iyo ubuso bwihariye ari bunini cyane (urugero, burenga 250 m²/g), imbaraga za van der Waals n'imikoranire ya hydrogen hagati y'uduce twa silica birakomera, bigatera kwivanga (cyane cyane hatabayeho gutunganya ubuso), bigatuma gutandukana gukabije. Agglomerate zikora "ingingo zo kwibanda ku musuguro" mu rubber. Mu gihe cyo kwangirika, kuvunika bikunze kubaho cyane hafi y'uduce twa agglomerate, ku buryo bigabanya ubudahangarwa bwo kwangirika.
Umwanzuro: Hariho ubuso bwihariye bungana (ubusanzwe 150-220 m²/g, butandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko bwa kabutura) aho ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwira no gushimangira ibintu buringaniye, bigatuma habaho ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo gushwanyagurika.
2. Ingano y'uduce n'ingano ikwirakwizwa
Ingano y'uduce tw'ibanze (cyangwa ingano rusange) hamwe n'ikwirakwizwa rya silica bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku kudakwirakwira kw'udusimba mu kugira ingaruka ku buryo dukwirakwira hamwe n'imikoranire hagati y'udusimba.
(1) Ingano y'uduce: Ingano ntoya (ubusanzwe ifitanye isano ryiza n'ubuso runaka) ihuye n'ubuso bunini kandi ikagira ingaruka zikomeye zo gushimangira (nk'uko byavuzwe haruguru). Ariko, ingano nto cyane y'uduce (urugero, ingano y'uduce tw'ibanze < 10 nm) yongera cyane ingufu zo guteranya uduce, bikongera cyane ingorane zo gukwirakwira. Ibi ahubwo bitera inenge zo mu gace, bigabanya ubudahangarwa bwo kwangirika.
(2) Ingano y'uduce: Silika ifite ingano nto ikwirakwira neza mu buryo bumwe mu irangi, yirinda "ingingo z'intege nke" zigizwe n'uduce tunini (cyangwa utundi duce). Iyo ingano y'uduce ari nini cyane (urugero, irimo uduce twa 10 nm no hejuru ya 100 nm), uduce tunini tuba uduce dutangira kwangirika (cyane cyane twangirika mu gihe cyo kwangirika), bigatuma ubudahangarwa bwo kwangirika bugabanuka.
Umwanzuro: Silika ifite uduce duto (duhuye n'ubuso bwihariye) kandi ikwirakwira buhoro ni ingirakamaro cyane mu kongera ubudahangarwa bw'ingufu.
3. Imiterere (Agaciro k'ifatabuguzi rya DBP)
Imiterere igaragaza uburyo amashami ya silica aggregates ahinduka (igaragazwa n'agaciro ka DBP k'uburyo ifata; agaciro kayo kagaragaza imiterere yayo kari hejuru). Igira ingaruka ku miterere y'urusobe rw'urusobe rw'urusenda no kudahinduka.
(1) Ingaruka nziza: Silika ifite imiterere miremire ikora uduce duto tw’amashami atatu, bigatuma habaho "urusobe rw'amagufwa" rwinshi muri rubber. Ibi byongera ubushobozi bwo gukomera no kudakomera kw'urubber. Mu gihe cyo gushwanyagurika, uru rubber rushobora kugabanya imbaraga z'ingufu zo hanze, bikagabanya umunaniro uterwa no gushwanyagurika kenshi, bityo bikanoza uburyo bwo kudashwanyagurika.
(2) Ingaruka mbi: Imiterere myinshi cyane (kwinjizwa kwa DBP > 300 mL / 100g) itera kugorana gufungana hagati y’ibice bya silica. Ibi bituma Mooney yiyongera cyane mu gihe cyo kuvanga rubber, uburyo bwo kuyitunganya budakora neza, no gukwirakwira mu buryo butaringaniye. Uduce dufite inyubako nyinshi cyane mu gace runaka tuzahura n’ingufu nyinshi bitewe n’ubwinshi bw’ibice, bityo bikagabanya ubushobozi bwo kwangirika.
Umwanzuro: Imiterere iringaniye (ifata DBP 200-250 mL/100g) ikwiriye cyane mu kuringaniza ubushobozi bwo gutunganya no kwirinda kwangirika.
4. Ibikubiye muri Hydroxyl (Si-OH) ku buso
Amatsinda ya silanol (Si-OH) ari ku buso bwa silica ni ingenzi mu kugira ingaruka ku guhuza kwayo na peteroli, bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku kudakomera kw'ibara binyuze mu mbaraga zo guhuza hagati y'uruso.
(1) Idavuwe: Ingano nyinshi ya hydroxyl (> amatsinda 5/nm²) ituma habaho guhurirana gukomeye hagati y’uduce duto binyuze mu guhuza hydrogen, bigatuma hatabagurika neza. Muri icyo gihe, amatsinda ya hydroxyl ntahuza neza n’uduce duto twa rubber (akenshi tutari mu gice cy’inyuma), bigatuma habaho guhuza gukomeye hagati y’uduce duto. Mu gihe cyo kwangirika, silica ikunda gutandukana n’udupira, bigagabanya ubushobozi bwo kwangirika.
(2) Ivurwa na Silane Coupling Agent: Imiti ihuza (urugero, Si69) ikorana n'amatsinda ya hydroxyl, ikagabanya kwegerana hagati y'uduce duto no kwinjiza amatsinda ajyanye na rubber (urugero, amatsinda ya mercapto), yongera imbaraga zo guhuza hagati y'uduce duto. Muri iki gihe, "imiti ihuza" irahinduka hagati ya silica na rubber. Kwimura stress biba bimwe, kandi gukurura hagati y'uduce duto ntibikunze kubaho mu gihe cyo kwangirika, bigatuma ubudahangarwa bw'uduce duto burushaho kwiyongera.
Umwanzuro: Ingano ya Hydroxyl igomba kuba iri hagati (amatsinda 3-5/nm²), kandi igomba guhuzwa n'uburyo bwo kuvura silane coupling agent kugira ngo hongerwe uburyo bwo guhuza hagati y'uruso no kunoza uburyo bwo kwirinda kwangirika.
Agaciro ka 5.pH
Agaciro ka pH ka silica (ubusanzwe kari hagati ya 6.0-8.0) gagira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku kudashwanyagurika kw'ibice by'ururabo binyuze mu kugira ingaruka ku buryo bwo gushwanyagurika kw'ibice by'ururabo.
(1) Ifite aside nyinshi (pH < 6.0): Ibuza imikorere y'ibikoresho bitera imbaraga mu gutera imbaraga, bigatinza umuvuduko w'ingufu, ndetse bishobora no gutuma ingufu zidakora neza ndetse n'ubucucike budahagije mu rubu. Rubu ifite ubucucike buke mu gutera imbaraga ifite ubushobozi buke bwo gukora ibintu (urugero: imbaraga zo gukurura, ubukana). Mu gihe cyo kwangirika, ikunze kwangirika kwa plastiki no gutakaza ibikoresho, bigatuma idakomera neza.
(2) Alkaline nyinshi (pH > 8.0): Ishobora kwihutisha vulcanization (cyane cyane ku byuma bitera thiazole accelerators), bigatuma vulcanization yihuse cyane mbere ndetse no guhuza ibintu mu buryo butaringaniye (guhuza ahantu runaka cyangwa guhuza ibintu mu buryo butaringaniye). Uduce duhuza ibintu duhinduka mato, uduce duhuza ibintu duto dukagira imbaraga nke; byombi bigabanya ubushobozi bwo kwangirika kw'ibintu.
Umwanzuro: Ifite aside ntoya cyangwa idafite aho ibogamiye (pH 5.0-7.0) ni nziza cyane mu guteranya ibyuma, bigatuma habaho imiterere ya mekanike ya rubber kandi ikongera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya kwangirika.
6. Ibikubiye mu mwanda
Umwanda uri muri silica (nk'iyoni z'icyuma nka Fe³⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, cyangwa umunyu utarakoreshejwe) ushobora kugabanya ubushobozi bwo kwangirika kw'urubura binyuze mu kwangiza imiterere ya rubber cyangwa bikabangamira vulcanization.
(1) Ion z'icyuma: Ion z'icyuma zihinduka nka Fe³⁺ zitera gusaza kwa oxidative ya rubber, zikihutisha gucika kwa molekile za rubber. Ibi bituma ibintu bibora uko igihe kigenda gihita, bigabanura ubudahangarwa bwo kwangirika. Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ ishobora kugirana ingaruka n'ibintu bitera vulcanizing muri rubber, bikabangamira vulcanization no kugabanya ubucucike bwa crosslink.
(2) Umunyu ushonga: Umunyu mwinshi cyane w’imyunyu ngugu (urugero, Na₂SO₄) wongera ubwiza bwa silica, bigatuma habaho uduce duto mu gihe cyo gutunganya kabutura. Utwo duce duto dutera inenge imbere; mu gihe cyo kwangirika, gucika intege bikunze gutangira kuri utu duce duto, bigagabanya ubushobozi bwo kwangirika.
Umwanzuro: Ibipimo by'umwanda bigomba kugenzurwa neza (urugero, Fe³⁺ < 1000 ppm) kugira ngo bigabanye ingaruka mbi ku mikorere ya rubber.
Muri make, ingaruka zasilica yavunitseKu bijyanye no kudakoresha irangi ry'umukara biva ku ngaruka zo guhuza imiterere y'ibintu byinshi: Ubuso bwihariye n'ingano y'uduce bigena ubushobozi bw'ibanze bwo gushimangira; imiterere igira ingaruka ku buryo umuyoboro wa rubber uhagaze; amatsinda ya hydroxyl yo hejuru na pH bigenzura uburyo bwo guhuza urusobe rw'urusobe rw'umukara n'uburyo bwo guhuza imiterere; mu gihe imyanda yangiza imikorere yayo binyuze mu kwangiza imiterere. Mu bikorwa bifatika, guhuza imiterere bigomba kunozwa hakurikijwe ubwoko bwa rubber (urugero: irangi ry'umukara, irangi rifunga). Urugero, irangi ry'umukara rikunze guhitamo silica ifite ubuso bwihariye, imiterere iringaniye, imyanda mike, kandi bigahuzwa n'uburyo bwo kuvura silane coupling agent kugira ngo byongere ubushobozi bwo kudakoresha irangi ry'umukara.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 22 Nyakanga-2025